The Influence of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) on the Metabolic Profile and Milk Composition of Lactating Murrah Buffalo.

The use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) leads to an increase in variable amounts of milk production in buffalo, but there is a lack of information on the influence of rbST on their metabolism. This study looked at the effects of a single 500 mg dose of rbST on the lipid profile, liver and kidney function, and physical, chemical, and cellular constitution of milk in 14 buffalo over 14 days, from the 100th day of lactation, compared with 14 animals in a control group. From the first day after rbST, there was a rise in beta-hydroxybutyrate (ß-HBO), possibly due to higher dry matter intake or the biotransformation of NEFA into ß-HBO. The treatment did not influence blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, AST, GGT, bilirubin, urea, or creatinine levels. In 71.3% of the buffalo, there was a gradual increase in milk production, with the maximal response occurring in the first week followed by a gradual decrease, whilst in 21.4%, the increase in production occurred between 7 and 10 days. Only 7.1% of the animals did not respond. On the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th days after treatment, an increase was found in daily milk production between the two groups equal to 1.04, 1.52, 1.42, and 1.06 L, respectively. In relative terms, this means an increase in milk production, respectively, of 15.1%, 21.0%, 19.8%, and 15.1%. The constitution of the milk showed no difference in the amounts of fat, lactose, total solids, or somatic cell count; however, on the third day after rbST administration, there was a decrease in protein. Notably, from the fifth day, the protein values showed no statistical difference. It can be concluded that the use of rbST in buffalo from the 100th day of lactation is metabolically safe since the treatment neither caused imbalances in fat metabolism nor overloaded the liver or renal function, and the changes in milk composition were transient and limited to a decrease in milk protein.

Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare / Alterações sistêmicas causadas pela inseminação artificial em vacas de corte (Bos indicus) e seu impacto no bem-estar animal

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows' welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P <0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o processo de inseminação artificial (IA) caracterizado como imobilização do animal, passagem do aplicador de sêmen pelo colo do útero e deposição do sêmen no útero, afetou o bem-estar de bovinos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 18 vacas de corte paridas, divididas em dois grupos: grupo de animais inseminados (AIG, n = 9) e grupo de animais não inseminados, grupo controle (GC, n = 9). Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal, útero e ovário. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de sincronização de cio e apenas o grupo AIG foi inseminado. Componentes metabólicos como ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterona, albumina e proteína total foram mensurados 30 horas antes da IA e 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA. Diferenças estatísticas foram consideradas quando P <0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os dois grupos, por outro lado, quando o momento da inseminação foi avaliado, diferenças foram observadas para ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, NEFA, BHB, albumina e proteína total. Houve uma variação dos perfis metabólicos em função do tempo e dos procedimentos que os animais foram submetidos, embora pode-se inferir que o processo de IA não foi capaz de alterar esses componentes metabólicos os animais inseminados. Ainda assim, observou-se que o processo de IA não foi categorizado como uma ferramenta negativa de reprodução com relação ao bem-estar animal. Porém, ainda assim, os procedimentos de contenção e manejo da IA podem alterar o perfil metabólico das vacas, principalmente o aumento da CK.(AU)

Efficacy of oral Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on toxicity of imidocarb dipropionate in horses.

BACKGROUND: Despite hepatotoxic effects, imidocarb dipropionate is the drug of choice for treatment of equine piroplasmosis. It is important, therefore, to identify adjuvant therapies that may improve the safety of imidocarb dipropionate by reducing the risk of liver damage during its use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and hepatoregulatory effects of treatment with Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum during administration of imidocarb dipropionate. METHODS: Ten healthy horses, seroconverted to Theileria equi by C-ELISA, were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of imidocarb dipropionate for three consecutive days. The study population was divided into two groups. The control group did not receive any complementary treatments. The treated group received a daily oral supplement containing C scolymus and S marianum for 30 days. Physical, haematological and histological examinations of hepatic fragments were performed. RESULTS: All haematological values remained within normal range for the study population. Histological analysis revealed that treated group animals had 62 per cent less lobular inflammation, 55 per cent less pigment accumulation, 65 per cent less steatosis and 57 per cent less portal inflammation than control group animals, with an equivalent percentage of hydropic degeneration. CONCLUSION: C scolymus and S marianum supplements resulted in beneficial hepatoprotective effects in horses treated with imidocarb dipropionate.

Algicidal effect of blue light on pathogenic Prototheca species.

Prototheca spp. are pathogenic algae with important zoonotic potential. Most importantly, these algae often infect dairy cattle. Since there is no effective therapy against the algae, the standard recommendation is the disposal or culling of infected cows to avoid outbreaks. This study investigated the ability of blue light to inactivate pathogenic Prototheca species. Blue LED light (λ = 410 nm) was used to inactivate in vitro suspensions of P. zopfii genotypes 1 and 2, and P. blaschkeae. Our results showed that blue light irradiation induced a strain-specific dose-dependent algicidal effect against all tested strains. P. zopfii genotype 1, was more sensitive than genotype 2 and P. blaschkeae was the most tolerant. Even though we observed different inactivation kinetics, all strains presented significant photoinactivation levels within feasible procedure periods. Therefore, we conclude that blue light irradiation offers promising potential for the development of novel technologies that control contaminations and infections caused by Prototheca spp.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for infectious stomatitis in snakes: Clinical views and microbiological findings.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has been broadly investigated as an alternative to treat localized infections, without leading to the selection of resistant microorganisms. Infectious stomatitis is a multifactorial disease frequently reported in captive snakes characterized by infection of the oral mucosa and surrounding tissues. In this study, we investigated methylene blue (MB)-mediated APDT to treat infectious stomatitis in snakes and verified the resistance phenotype and genotype before and after APDT. METHODS: Three Boid snakes presented petechiae, edema and caseous material in their oral cavities. MB (0.01%) was applied on the lesions and after 5min they were irradiated using a red laser (λ=660nm), fluence of 280J/cm2, 8J and 80s per point, 100mW, spot size 0.028cm2 and fluence rate of 3.5W/cm2. APDT was repeated once a week during 3 months. Samples of the lesions were collected to identify bacteria and antibiotic resistance profiles. To analyze the clonality of bacterial isolates before and after APDT, isolates were subjected to ERIC PCR analysis. RESULTS: Snakes presented clinical improvement such as reduction of inflammatory signs and caseous material. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were present in all snakes; Klebsiella pneumoniae and Morganella morganii were also identified in some animals. We also observed that the oral microbiota was completely replaced following APDT. However, K. pneumoniae isolates before and after APDT were a single clone with 100% of genetic similarity that lost resistance phenotype for seven antibiotics of four classes. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that APDT can be used to treat infectious stomatitis in snakes.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for infectious stomatitis in snakes: clinical views and microbiological findings

Background Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has been broadly investigated as an alternative to treat localized infections, without leading to the selection of resistant microorganisms. Infectious stomatitis is a multifactorial disease frequently reported in captive snakes characterized by infection of the oral mucosa and surrounding tissues. In this study, we investigated methylene blue (MB)-mediated APDT to treat infectious stomatitis in snakes and verified the resistance phenotype and genotype before and after APDT. Methods Three Boid snakes presented petechiae, edema and caseous material in their oral cavities. MB (0.01%) was applied on the lesions and after 5 min they were irradiated using a red laser (Lambda = 660 nm), fluence of 280 J/cm2, 8 J and 80 s per point, 100 mW, spot size 0.028 cm2 and fluence rate of 3.5 W/cm2. APDT was repeated once a week during 3 months. Samples of the lesions were collected to identify bacteria and antibiotic resistance profiles. To analyze the clonality of bacterial isolates before and after APDT, isolates were subjected to ERIC PCR analysis. Results Snakes presented clinical improvement such as reduction of inflammatory signs and caseous material. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were present in all snakes; Klebsiella pneumoniae and Morganella morganii were also identified in some animals. We also observed that the oral microbiota was completely replaced following APDT. However, K. pneumoniae isolates before and after APDT were a single clone with 100% of genetic similarity that lost resistance phenotype for seven antibiotics of four classes. Conclusions These results show that APDT can be used to treat infectious stomatitis in snakes.

Uterine lavage is efficient to recover endometrial cytology sample and does not interfere with fertility rate after artificial insemination in cows.

Productivity rates directly depend on the fertility of a herd, which in turn can be influenced by many factors. Semen deposited in the female reproductive tract is foreign to the body and, in response to this invasion, produces an inflammatory reaction, which is characterized by rapid infusion of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells. Techniques to obtain an endometrial sample are usually invasive and can mask the true inflammatory response. Ultrasound is a noninvasive technique and can contribute to the diagnosis of postartificial insemination (AI) inflammatory response in cattle. The present study was divided into two experiments. The aim of experiment 1 was to compare two methods of endometrial cytology collection, uterine cytobrush (UC) and uterine lavage (UL), and their effects on uterine hemodynamics that provide information about blood flow. The two methods were evaluated by Doppler ultrasound using the spectral and color modes. For that purpose, 19 Nellore cows were synchronized for timed AI and subjected to UC (n = 9) or UL (n = 10). The techniques were performed 4 hours after AI. The results showed that both techniques allow collection of a good quality sample and with enough PMN cells to perform counting. More PMN cells were obtained by UL than UC. There was no difference in uterine blood flow between the UC and UL groups in any of the periods evaluated (34 hours before and 4, 24, and 48 hours after collection of uterine sample). On the basis of results of experiment 1, the effect of UL on fertility was studied in experiment 2. A total of 128 Nellore cows were synchronized for TAI; 35 cows were subjected to endometrial cytology by UL 4 hours after AI, and 93 were not submitted to any procedure (control). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by transrectal ultrasound 30 days after AI. Pregnancy rates did not differ between UL (54.29%) and control (56.99%) groups. The results of this study showed that UL allows the collection of more representative cells of the surface of the uterus than UC technique and causes no damage to the reproductive tract. Moreover, UL did not affect pregnancy rate when performed 4 hours after AI.

In vitro photoinactivation of bovine mastitis related pathogens.

BACKGROUND: Bovine mastitis is considered the most important disease of worldwide dairy industry. Treatment of this disease is based on the application intramammary antibiotic, which favors an increase in the number of resistant bacteria in the last decade. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been investigated in different areas of Health Sciences, and has shown great potential for inactivating different pathogens, without any selection of resistant microorganisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of PDI in the inactivation of pathogens associated with bovine mastitis. METHODS: We tested the effectiveness of PDI against antibiotic resistant strains, isolated from bovine mastitis, from the following species: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis, and the alga Prototheca zopfii. Nine experimental groups were evaluated: control, no treatment; light only, irradiation of a red light-emitting diode (λ=662 (20) nm) for 180 s; exposure to 50 µM methylene blue alone for 5 min; and PDI for 5, 10, 30, 60, 120 and 180 s. RESULTS: S. dysgalactiae, S. aureus, and C. bovis were inactivated after 30s of irradiation, whereas S. agalactiae was inactivated after 120 s and P. zopfii at 180 s of irradiation. CONCLUSION: These results show that PDI can be an interesting tool for inactivating pathogens for bovine mastitis.

Photodynamic therapy for pododermatitis in penguins.

Pododermatitis is currently one of most frequent and important clinical complications in seabirds kept in captivity or in rehabilitation centers. In this study, five Magellanic penguins with previous pododermatitis lesions on their footpad were treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT). All PDT treated lesions successfully regressed and no recurrence was observed during the 6-month follow-up period. PDT seems to be an inexpensive and effective alternative treatment for pododermatitis in Magellanic penguins encouraging further research on this topic.

Estudo retrospectivo das afecções locomotoras em ruminantes atendidos na Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo entre 2000 e 2012 / Retrospective study of locomotor disorders in ruminants attended in the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo from 2000 to 2012

Foi realizado o estudo retrospectivo das afecções do sistema locomotor de ruminantes atendidos no Serviço de Clínica de Bovinos e Pequenos Ruminantes da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), no período de 2000 a 2012. Nesse período, foram atendidos 209 casos de animais com problemas lo- comotores, dos quais 62,7% localizados na região distal dos membros e 37,3% na região proximal. Na espécie bovina, com 121 (57,9%) casos atendidos, o comprometimento da região distal dos membros foi observado em 86 (71,07%) e da região proximal em 35 (28,93%) dos casos, respectivamente. A afecção mais frequente observada em bovinos foi a hiperplasia interdigital com 26,74% (23) dos casos atendidos. Entre as afecções na região proximal, houve maior ocor- rência de fraturas, com 48,6% (17) dos casos. Foram atendidos 88 (42,1%) pequenos ruminantes, apresentando lesões na região distal em 51,1% (45) dos casos e 48,9% (43) com lesões na região proximal. Nessas espécies, as lesões de maior ocorrência nas regiões distais e proximais foram, respectivamente, o foot-rot (60%) e as fraturas (77,4%). As afecções do sistema locomotor dos ruminantes foram pouco frequentes entre os animais atendidos no período estudado. Quanto ao prognóstico, foi bom nos animais acometidos com doenças podais, diferentemente das afecções proximais dos bovinos, principalmente fraturas, que apresentaram prognóstico mau.

This study aimed to perform a retrospective study of ruminants attended at the Clinic for Cattle and Small Ruminants (CBPR) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMVZ), University of São Paulo (USP) with locomotor diseases from 2000 to 2012. During this period 209 cases were treated. It was found that cases located in the distal limb and in the proximal region were 62.7% and 33.7%, respectively. In bovines, 121 (57.9%) cases were treated, with 86 (71.07%) cases presented in the distal limb and 35 (28.93%) cases in the proximal region. The most common disease was interdigital hyperplasia with 23 (26.74%) cases treated. Fractures were the most frequent disease related to the proximal regioncorresponding to 17 (48.6%) occurrences. In small ruminants, 88 animals (42.1%) were treated with 45 (51.1%) cases in the distal region and the other 43 (48.9%) in the proximal region. In these species, the foot-rot (60%) and fractures (77.4%) was the most common diseases found in the distal and the proximal region, respectively. The disorders of the locomotor system of ruminants were uncommon in the CBPR. While the affected animals with claw diseases have a good prognosis, disorders affecting the upper limb in cattle, mainly fracture, have a poor prognosis.

Metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos em animais infectados pelo Vírus da Leucemia Bovina / Oxidative burst of leukocytes from bovine leukemia Virus-Infected Cattle

A infecção pelo vírus da leucemia bovina (VLB) leva ao desenvolvimento de linfocitose persistente (LP) ou linfossarcomas, principalmente em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros. Entretanto, os eventos que induzem tais manifestações ou o efeito da infecção na função das diferentes populações de leucócitos são pouco conhecidos. Avaliou-se o efeito da infecção pelo VLB na produção intracelular de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) em leucócitos circulantes, mensurada pela fluorescência produzida pela diclorodihidrofluoresceína, utilizando-se de citometria de fluxo. As células foram obtidas de cinco vacas soronegativas; cinco vacas infectadas pelo VLB, alinfocitóticas; e cinco vacas infectadas, manifestando LP. Verificou-se que a infecção pelo VLB não altera a porcentagem de leucócitos circulantes produzindo H2O2, com ou sem prévio estímulo por adição in vitro: de 12-miristato 13-acetato de forbol (PMA); de lipopolissacarídeos de Escherichia coli (LPS); ou Staphylococcus aureus. Todavia, a produção de H2O2 em leucócitos de animais apresentando LP, com ou sem estímulo, foi menor que aquela verificada em leucócitos de animais soronegativos e de animais soropositivos alinfocitóticos. Os estímulos aumentaram a porcentagem de leucócitos produzindo H2O2 e a produção intracelular média em animais soronegativos ou naqueles infectados alinfocitóticos. Contudo, em leucócitos de vacas soropositivas manifestando LP, a fagocitose de S. aureus não elevou a porcentagem de leucócitos produzindo H2O2. Também, apenas a adição de PMA elevou a produção intracelular de H2O2 em leucócitos de fêmeas soropositivas manifestando LP. Concluiu-se que bovinos infectados pelo VLB, manifestando LP, apresentam menor produção intracelular de H2O2, demonstrando vulnerabilidade funcional refletida por imunossupressão.

Widespread Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) infection leads to persistent lymphocytosis (PL) or lymphosarcoma, mainly in dairy herds. Nevertheless, neither the sequence of events that conducts to these symptoms, nor the effect of infection on function of different leukocyte populations, is well known. We evaluated the effect of BLV infection on immune response of cows through the analysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) intracellular production of circulating leukocytes after in vitro stimuli with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS), or Staphylococcus aureus. Cells were obtained from five BLV-non infected cows, five BLV-infected, non-lymphocytotic cows, and five BLV-infected cows with PL, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Intracellular production of H2O2 was measured by dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate dependent fluorescence. Results showed that BLV infection does not alter the percentage of H2O2-producing circulating leukocytes (H2O2-PCL), with or without previous stimuli. However, the average of H2O2 intracellular production, with or without previous stimuli, in leukocytes obtained from cows with PL was smaller than those from cells obtained from BLV-negative cows and from BLV-infected, non-lymphocytotic cows. Moreover, stimuli increased H2O2 intracellular production and the percentage of H2O2-PCL obtained from BLVnegative cows and from BLV-infected, non-lymphocytotic cows. Conversely, neither phagocytosis of S. aureus and stimulus with LPS increases H2O2 intracellular production, nor phagocytosis increases the percentage of H2O2-PCL, when leukocytes were obtained from cows with PL. Thus, results show that BLV-infected cattle, with PL, have an impaired H2O2 intracellular production, demonstrating functional vulnerability reflected by immunosuppression.

Delivery of cloned offspring: experience in Zebu cattle (Bos indicus).

The production of a healthy cloned calf is dependent on a multitude of successful steps, including reprogramming mediated by the oocyte, the development of a functional placenta, adequate maternal-fetal interaction, the establishment of a physiological metabolic setting and the formation of a complete set of well-differentiated cells that will eventually result in well-characterised and fully competent tissues and organs. Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has improved significantly since the first report of a somatic cell nuclear transfer-derived animal, there are many descriptions of anomalies concerning cloned calves leading to high perinatal morbidity and mortality. The present article discusses some our experience regarding perinatal and neonatal procedures for cloned Zebu cattle (B. indicus) that has led to improved survival rates in Nellore cloned calves following the application of such 'labour-intensive technology'.

Delivery of cloned offspring: experience in Zebu cattle (Bos indicus)

The production of a healthy cloned calf is dependent on a multitude of successful steps, including reprogramming mediated by the oocyte, the development of a functional placenta, adequate maternal–fetal interaction, the establishment of a physiological metabolic setting and the formation of a complete set of well-differentiated cells that will eventually result in well-characterised and fully competent tissues and organs. Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has improved significantly since the first report of a somatic cell nuclear transfer-derived animal, there are manydescriptions of anomalies concerning cloned calves leading to high perinatal morbidity and mortality. The present article discusses some our experience regarding perinatal and neonatal procedures for cloned Zebu cattle (B. indicus) that has led to improved survival rates in Nellore cloned calves following the application of such ‘labour-intensive technology’.

Avaliação do número de células somáticas do leite de bovinos da raça jersey durante o primeiro mês de lactação / Evaluation of somatic cell number in milk from jersey cows during the first month of lactation

Com a finalidade de estabelecer os valores de referência da contagem de células somáticas do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo, durante o primeiro mês de lactação, bem como avaliar a influência da fase colostral, examinaram-se 418 amostras de leite, provenientes de quartos mamários sadios e sem crescimento bacteriano. O leite foi colhido assepticamente antes da ordenha e a contagem de células somáticas foi determinada por citometria de fluxo e pelo Teste do CMT. Demonstrou-se a significativa influência do primeiro mês de da lactação sobre a contagem de células. Verificou-se que a transição da secreção de colostro para leite em relação ao número de células somáticas está finalizado a partir do 15º dia de lactação, sendo recomendado a adoção dos seguintes valores de referência: no colostro, obtidos nas primeiras 24 horas de lactação entre 472.405 e 2.003.921 células/ml, no período compreendido do 2º ao 15º dia de lactação valores entre 103.920 e 1.298.361 células/ml e a partir do 15º dia de lactação entre 37.714 e 205.549 células/ml.

With the aim to establish reference values of the number somatic cell of milk from Jersey cows, raised in the State of São Paulo, during the first month of lactation, as well as to evaluate the influence of the colostral phase, 418 milk samples were examined obtained from healthy mammary glands without bacterial growth. Milk samples were collected aseptically before milking and number somatic cell determined by electronic counting and by California Mastitis Test. was demonstrated the significant influence the somatic cells in the first month of lactation. It was found that the transition of the colostrum secretion for milk in respect to somatic cells count have been finished in the 15º day of lactation, being recommended the adoption of the following reference values: in the colostrum, getting in the first of 24 hours of lactation between 472.405 and 2.003.921cells/ml, in the understood period from 2º until 15º day of lactation values between 103.920 and 1.298.361 cells/ml and starting from 15 day of lactation between 37.714 and 205.549 cells/ml.

Valores de referência do lipidograma de bovinos da raça holandesa, criados no Estado de São Paulo / Reference values of the lipid profile of holstein cattle bred in state of Sao Paulo

Com o intuito de estabelecer os valores de referência do lipidograma de bovinos, da raça Holandesa, criados no Estado de São Paulo foram examinadas amostras de soro e plasma sangüíneo de 413 bovinos clinicamente sadios. Baseado nos intervalos de confiança, recomenda-se a adoção dos valores de referência: colesterol – entre 86,5 e 120,8mg/dL para bezerros com até 3 meses; entre 46,3 e 79,7 mg/dL para bezerros com 3 a 12 meses; entre 86,4 e 105,0 mg/dL para novilhas com 12 a 24 meses e entre 116,0 e 147,9 mg/dL para vacas com mais de 24 meses de idade; triglicérides - entre 16,3 e 34,8 mg/dL para vacas com até 48 meses e entre 14,9 e 24,0 mg/dL para vacas com mais de 48 meses de idade; AGNE - entre 91,3 e 294,0 μM/L independente da idade; ß-HBO - entre 1,1 e 2,1 mg/dL para bezerros com até 3 meses e entre 3,37 e 6,2 mg/dL para animais com mais de 3 meses de idade; glicose - entre 75,1 e 88,3 mg/dL para bezerros com até 3 meses; entre 64,0 e 76,1 mg/dL para animais com 3 a 24 meses; entre: 60,6 e 67,2mg/dL para vacas com mais de 24 meses. Para machos adultos recomenda-se a adoção de valores de referência diferenciados para: colesterol - entre 73,9 e 90,2 mg/dL; ß-HBO - entre 3,1 e 3,6 mg/dLe glicose - entre 71,9 e 76,5 mg/dL. Os valores de referência apresentados não devem ser utilizados para vacas que estejam no último mês de gestação e nos primeiros 45 dias de lactação, recomenda-se para este período valores de referência específicos para animais no periparto.

In order to establish the reference values for the lipid profile of Holsteincattle, bred in the state of São Paulo we analyzed samples of bloodserum and plasma of 413 healthy animals. We suggest, based on theconfidence interval, the use of the following reference values:cholesterol – between 86.5 and 120.8 mg/dL for calves up to 3 monthsold; between 46.3 and 79.7 mg/dL for calves between 3 and 12 months;between 86.4 and 105.0 mg/dL for heifers between 12 and 24 months;between 116.0 and 147.9 mg/dL for cows older than 24 months;triglycerides - between 16.3 and 34.8 mg/dL for animals up to 48months; between 14.9 and 24.0 mg/dL for animals older than 48months; NEFA - between 91.3 and 294.0 μM/L regardless of theage; ß-HBO - between 1.1 and 2.1 mg/dL for calves up to 3 monthsold; between 3.37 and 6.2 mg/dL for animals older than 3 months;glucose - between 75.1 and 88.3 mg/dL for calves up to 3 months old; between 64.0 and 76.1 mg/dL for animals between 3 and 24months; between 60.6 and 67.2 mg/dL for cows older than 24 months.For adult males, older than 24 months, we suggest different referencevalues for the following constituents: cholesterol - between 73.9 and90.2 mg/dL; ß-HBO - between 3.1 and 3.6 mg/dL and glucose -between 71.9 and 76.5 mg/dL. The reference values that werepreviously presented should not be used for cows in the last monthof gestation and in the first 45 days of lactation. In this case, thereference values should be specific for animals around parturition.

Avaliaçäo clínica da parada circulatória total em cäes (canis familiaris) / Clinical evaluation using the total circulatory stasis in dogs (Canis familiaris)

O objetivo deste experimento foi verificar as possíveis alteraçöes clínicas e neurológicas que possam ocorrer em cäes submetidos à dois diferentes períodos de parada circulatória total: cinco e 10 minutos, pela técnica de clampeamento das veias cava cranial e caudal e ázigos. Foram utilizados dez cäes, sem raça definida, adultos, machos e fêmeas, com peso entre quinze e vinte quilos e em condiçöes de saúde julgadas satisfatórias para o experimento. Os cäes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos com cinco animais, sendo que no GRUPO A, procedeu-se o bloqueio circulatório por cinco minutos e no GRUPO B, por 10 minutos. Os cäes foram avaliados no transoperatório, no pós-operatório imediato e tardio (com 24 e 48 horas após a intervençäo cirúrgica) até máximo de seis semanas. Foram observadas alteraçöes oftalmológicas, neurológicas, de coordenaçäo motora, consciência e comportamento por exame clínico. Concluiu-se, diante dos resultados clínicos obtidos, que a técnica de parada circulatória total por até cinco minutos foi exeqüível de ser praticado em cäes sadios, sendo contra-indicado para período de 10 minutos.